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Tax-deferred, also known as pre-tax, means you don't pay income taxes on your plan contributions or earnings until you withdraw the money, typically in retirement. This can lower your taxable income now and potentially in retirement.
After-tax Roth contributions are taxed before they are invested in your plan. When you withdraw these contributions in retirement, they are not taxed again, and provided certain conditions are met, earnings on Roth contributions can be withdrawn tax free.
Contribution limits vary by plan type and are subject to IRS regulations. Check out the current contribution limits.